COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
| NAME | DEFINITION | NORMAL RANGE |
| Hb or Hbg (hemoglobin) | This is the protein in your blood that holds the oxygen. | men -14 to 17 gm/dl women – 12 to 15 gm/dL |
| White blood cells (WBCs) | also called leukocytes , are the cells of the immune system | 4,500 to 10,000 cells per microliter (cells/mcL). |
| RBC (red blood cell count) | they carry oxygen through your body. They also help filter carbon dioxide | Men-4.7 to 6.1 million cells/microlitre women – 4.2 to 5.4 million cells /microlitre |
| Hct (hematocrit). | is the volume % percentage of red blood cell. | It is normally 40% for men and 31% for women. |
| MCV (mean corpuscular volume). | This is the average size of your red blood cells. | MCV score – 80 to 95. |
| Platelets. | also called thrombocytes are a component of blood whose function is to stop bleeding clumping and clotting blood vessel | 140,000 to 450,000 cells/mcL |
| ESR | An ESR test can help determine if you have a condition that causes inflammation. If your ESR is high, it may be related to an inflammatory condition | Male – 0 to 22mm/hr Female – 0 to 29mm/hr |
Liver Function Tests (LFT)
| Bilirubin Total | Bilirubin is a reddish yellow pigment made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. | 0-1 mg/dl |
| Conjugated (D.Bilirubin) | Direct bilirubin is the more soluble, less toxic and conjugated with glucuronic acid. | 0-0.35 mg/dl |
| Unconjugated (I.D.Bilirubin) | Bilirubin that is bound to a certain protein (albumin) in the blood | 0.2-0.65
mg/dl |
| SGOT (AST) | Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. | 10-40 iu/l |
| SGPT (ALT) | Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells | 10-60 iu/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase | Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found throughout the body. However, it tends to be most concentrated in the liver, the bile ducts, bones and placenta. |
40-147 u/l |
| Total Protein | is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in serum. Protein in the serum is made up of albumin and globulin. |
6-8.5 gm/l |
| Albumin | is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion of all plasma protein. | 3.5-5 gm/l |
| Globulin | group of proteins in blood, play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection. | 2-3.5 gm/l |
KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST
| Test Name | Definition | Normal value |
| Blood urea | Urea is the terminal product of protein metabolism, and 1g of protein can produce about 0.3g of urea | 10-50 mg/dl |
| Serum Creatinine | Creatinine is a chemical waste product in the blood that passes through the kidneys to be filtered and eliminated in urine. |
0.6 –1.1 mg/dl In Women & 0.7 –1.3 mg/dl In Men. |
| Serum Uric Acid | Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purinenucleotide, and it is a normal component of urine. | 2.4-6.0 mg/dl (female) and 3.4-7.0 mg/dl (male). |
| Serum Sodium | Sodium is key to controlling the amount of fluid in your body. body needs it for brain and muscles to work the right way. | 135-145 mmol /L. |
| Serum Potassium | A potassium test is used to measure the amount of potassium in your blood. Potassium is an electrolyte that’s essential for proper muscle and nerve function.. | Adults: 3.5-5.1 mEq/L or mmol/L Children: 3.4-4.7 mEq/L or mmol/L (age dependent) |
| Chloride | Chloride is an electrolyte that helps keep a proper fluid and acid-base balance in body. | 98-106 mmol/L |
| Total Protein | Albumin and globulin are two types of protein in your body. The total protein test measures the total amount albumin and globulin in your body. | 6 -8.5 grams per deciliter (g/dL). |
Lipid profile: Lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides)
| Test Name | Definition | Normal Range |
| Total Cholesterol | Total cholesterol: This is the total amount of cholesterol in your blood. | <200 mg/dL |
| Triglycerides | Triglycerides, another type of fat that causes hardening of the arteries | 10 to 150 mg/dL |
| HDL
Cholesterol High-density lipoprotein |
This is referred to as “good” cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from your blood. | > 40 to 60 mg/dL |
| LDL
Cholesterol Low-density lipoprotein |
This is referred to as “bad” cholesterol. Too much of it raises your risk of heart attack, stroke, and atherosclerosis. | 70 to 130 mg/dL |
| VLDL-
Very Low-Density Lipoprotein |
VLDL cholesterol is a type of blood fat. It’s considered one of the “bad” forms of cholesterol, along with LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. | less than or equal to 2 to 30
mg/dL (0.1 to 1.7 mmol/l). |
Blood Sugar Test
| Plasma glucose test |
Definition |
Normal |
Prediabetes |
| Random | A random blood sugar test checks your blood glucose at a random time of day. | 79–160 mg/dl | N/A |
| Fasting | Fasting, as the name suggests, means refraining from eating or drinking any liquids other than water for eight hours. It is used as a test for diabetes. | 90 to 110mg/dL | 110 to 125 mg/dl |
| 2 hour post- prandial | postprandiaL blood glucose test measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after eating a meal. | Below 140 mg/dl | 140 to 199 mg/dl |
| Glucose
tolerance test |
A glucose tolerance test measures how well your body’s cells are able to absorb glucose(75 gm), or sugar, after you ingest a given amount of sugar. | Fasting | 60 to 100 mg/dL |
| 1 hour | <200 mg/dL | ||
| 2 hour | <140 mg/dL |
URINE TEST
| Measurement | Reference range | |
| Color | yellow | cloudy, dark, or blood-colored. |
| Appearance | Clear | Cloudy urine may be caused by crystals, deposits, white cells, red cells, epithelial cells or fat globules. |
| Specific gravity (g/ml) | 1.005-1.030 | Increases in specific gravity – dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary tract/bladder infection, glucosuria , renal artery s tenosis … |
| PH | 5.0-8.0 | A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by severe vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and asthma. |
| Protein (mg/dl) | Negative | Protein may be present in the urine because of acute inflammation or kidney stone disease, or as a sign of kidney damage. |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | Negative | when blood sugar levels rise well above a target range- which can occur in type 1 and type 2 diabetes-the kidneys often release some of the excess sugar from the blood into the urine. |
| Ketones (mg/dl) | Negative | High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of diabetes that can |
| Bilirubin | Negative | In certain liver diseases, such as biliary obstruction or hepatitis, excess bilirubin can build up in the blood and is eliminated in urine. |
| Blood | Negative | Painful blood in the urine can be caused by a number of disorders, including infections and stones in the urinary tract. Painless blood in the urine can also be due to many causes, including cancer. |
| Nitrite | Negative | This test is commonly used in diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTI). A positive nitrite test indicates that the cause of the UTI is a gram negative organism, most commonly Escherichia coli. |
| Urobilinogen | 0.2-1.0 | Too much urobilinogen in urine can indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis. |
| Leukocyte esterase | Negative | Leukocyte esterase is a screening test used to detect a substance that suggests there are white blood cells in the urine. This may mean you have a urinary tract infection. |
| WBC/HPF (WBCs per high power field, HPF). | 0-4 | This test is usually ordered to determine is someone has a urinary tract infection. … If both WBC and leukoesterase are elevated, it more strongly suggests a UTI. |
| Squamous epithelium | 0-4 | The presence of squamous epithelial cells may indicate contamination of the urine specimen. |
